绪论 ······················································· 1 阅读材料0-1 ······································· 5 阅读材料0-2 ······································· 9 第1章 气体的绝缘强度 ······················ 13 1.1 气体放电的基本物理过程 ·············· 14 1.1.1 气体中带电质点的产生和消失 ······························· 14 1.1.2 汤森理论和帕邢定律 ·········· 17 1.1.3 流注理论 ························· 20 1.1.4 不均匀电场中的放电过程 ···· 22 1.1.5 冲击电压下气体间隙的击穿特性 ························· 26 1.2 影响气体放电电压的因素 ·············· 31 1.2.1 电场形式对放电电压的影响 ······························· 31 1.2.2 电压波形对击穿电压的影响 ······························· 32 1.2.3 气体的性质和状态对放电电压的影响 ······················ 34 1.3 沿面放电 ··································· 38 1.3.1 沿面放电的物理过程 ·········· 38 1.3.2 影响沿面放电电压的因素 ···· 40 1.3.3 影响绝缘子污闪的因素 ······· 45 1.3.4 污闪事故的对策 ················ 49 本章小结 ········································· 51 阅读材料1-1 ····································· 52 习题 ··············································· 52 第2章 液体和固体介质的绝缘强度 ···· 56 2.1 介质的极化、电导和损耗 ·············· 57 2.1.1 电介质的极化 ··················· 57 阅读材料2-1 ····································· 60 2.1.2 电介质的电导 ···················· 63 2.1.3 电介质的损耗 ···················· 65 2.2 液体介质的击穿 ·························· 69 2.2.1 液体介质的击穿机理 ··········· 69 2.2.2 影响液体介质击穿的因素和 改进措施 ·························· 69 2.3 固体介质的击穿 ·························· 72 2.3.1 固体介质的击穿机理 ··········· 72 2.3.2 影响固体介质击穿的因素和改进措施 ·························· 73 2.4 绝缘介质的其他特性 ···················· 75 2.4.1 热性能 ····························· 75 2.4.2 机械性能 ·························· 76 2.4.3 吸潮性能 ·························· 76 2.4.4 生化性能 ·························· 76 本章小结 ·········································· 76 阅读材料2-2 ····································· 77 习题 ················································ 77 第3章 电气设备的绝缘试验 ··············· 79 3.1 绝缘试验分类 ····························· 80 3.2 绝缘电阻及吸收比的测量 ·············· 81 3.2.1 绝缘电阻的测量 ················· 81 3.2.2 吸收比的测量 ···················· 82 3.2.3 测量绝缘电阻的规定 ··········· 83 3.2.4 影响测量绝缘电阻的因素 ····· 83 3.3 直流泄漏电流的测量 ···················· 84 3.3.1 试验接线 ·························· 84 3.3.2 影响测量泄漏电流的因素 ····· 85 3.4 介质损耗角正切tan?的测量 ·········· 86 3.4.1 测量介质损耗角正切tan?的意义及适用范围 ················· 86 3.4.2 西林电桥的基本原理 ··········· 87 3.4.3 影响tan?测量的因素 ·········· 88 3.5 局部放电的测量 ·························· 89 3.5.1 局部放电的物理过程 ·········· 89 3.5.2 局部放电的测量原理及其主要参数 ························· 89 3.5.3 局部放电的测量方法 ·········· 91 3.5.4 局部放电测量中的抗干扰措施 ······························· 92 3.5.5 测试结果的分析与评定 ······· 93 3.6 绝缘油的气相色谱分析 ················· 93 3.6.1 充油电气设备内部产生气体 ······························· 93 3.6.2 气相色谱分析简介 ············· 94 3.7 交流耐压试验 ····························· 96 3.7.1 交流高压试验设备概述 ······· 96 3.7.2 工频高压试验原理 ············· 98 3.7.3 串级高压试验变压器 ·········· 99 3.7.4 工频高压的测量 ··············· 102 3.7.5 操作规定 ························ 104 3.7.6 交流耐压试验注意事项 ······ 105 3.7.7 试验结果分析 ·················· 105 3.8 直流耐压试验 ···························· 106 3.8.1 直流高压的产生 ··············· 106 3.8.2 直流耐压试验的特点 ·········· 107 3.8.3 直流高压的测量 ··············· 108 3.8.4 直流耐压试验注意事项 ······ 110 3.9 绝缘试验的主要项目及其特点 ······· 111 3.9.1 绝缘试验的主要项目 ········· 111 3.9.2 绝缘试验项目的特点 ········· 112 3.10 绝缘在线监测 ·························· 113 3.10.1 绝缘在线监测技术现状 ····· 113 3.10.2 红外监测的利用 ·············· 113 3.11 试验记录、试验报告及试验结果分析 ······································ 114 本章小结 ········································ 116 阅读材料3-1 ···································· 116 阅读材料3-2 ···································· 118 习题 ·············································· 120 第4章 线路和绕组中的波过程 ·········· 123 4.1 均匀无损单导线中的波过程 ········· 124 4.1.1 波传播的物理概念 ············ 124 4.1.2 波动方程 ························ 126 4.1.3 波阻抗与电阻的区别 ········· 128 4.2 行波的折射和反射 ····················· 128 4.2.1 折射、反射系数 ··············· 128 4.2.2 几种特殊条件下的折、 反射 ······························ 130 4.2.3 彼德森法则 ····················· 133 4.3 无穷长直角波通过串联电感和并联电容 ································· 134 4.3.1 无穷长直角波通过串联电感 ······························ 134 4.3.2 无穷长直角波通过并联电容 ······························ 135 4.4 行波的多次折、反射 ·················· 137 4.5 无损平行多导线系统中的波过程 ··· 140 4.6 波在传播过程中的衰减与畸变 ······ 144 4.7 变压器绕组中的波过程 ··············· 146 4.7.1 单相变压器绕组中的波过程 ··························· 146 4.7.2 三相变压器绕组中的波过程 ··························· 150 4.7.3 冲击电压在绕组之间的传递 ······························ 152 4.8 旋转电机绕组中的波过程 ············ 153 本章小结 ········································ 154 阅读材料4-1 ··································· 155 习题 ·············································· 156 第5章 雷电及防雷保护装置 ············· 158 5.1 概述 ······································· 159 5.2 雷电放电过程 ··························· 160 5.3 雷电参数 ································· 163 5.4 避雷针和避雷线的保护范围 ········· 165 5.4.1 避雷针概述 ····················· 165 5.4.2 避雷针的保护范围 ············ 166 5.4.3 避雷线 ··························· 167 阅读材料5-1 ···································· 168 5.5 避雷器 ····································· 169 5.5.1 避雷器及其基本要求 ········· 169 5.5.2 金属氧化物非线性电阻片 ····· 170 5.5.3 氧化锌避雷器的基本工作原理及特点 ····················· 172 5.5.4 氧化锌避雷器的主要特性参数 ······························ 174 5.6 提高氧化锌避雷器保护性能的措施 ······································· 177 阅读材料5-2 ···································· 179 5.7 接地装置 ·································· 180 5.7.1 接地及接地电阻 ··············· 180 5.7.2 接地分类 ························ 180 5.7.3 接地电阻与电容的关系 ······ 182 5.7.4 接地体间的屏蔽效应 ········· 183 5.7.5 典型接地体的接地电阻 ······ 183 5.8 降阻剂 ····································· 184 5.8.1 降阻剂的降阻机理 ············ 184 5.8.2 降阻剂的种类和应用 ········· 186 5.8.3 降阻剂的选择 ·················· 188 本章小结 ········································ 189 阅读材料5-3 ···································· 190 习题 ·············································· 191 第6章 输电线路、发电厂及变电站防雷保护 ······························· 193 6.1输电线路的感应雷过电压 ············· 194 6.1.1 雷击线路附近大地时线路上的感应雷过电压 ········· 194 6.1.2 雷击线路杆塔时导线上的感应雷过电压 ·················· 196 6.2 输电线路的直击雷过电压和耐雷水平 ······································· 196 6.2.1 雷击杆塔顶时的过电压和耐雷水平 ························ 197 6.2.2 雷击导线时的过电压和耐雷水平 ························ 200 6.2.3 雷击避雷线档距中央 ········· 201 6.3 输电线路的雷击跳闸率 ··············· 203 6.4 输电线路的防雷措施 ·················· 2066.3.1 建弧率 ··························· 203 6.3.2 有避雷线线路雷击跳闸率的计算 ······························ 203 阅读材料6-1 ··································· 213 6.5 发电厂、变电站的防雷保护 ········· 2146.5.1 发电厂、变电站的直击雷保护 ····················· 214 6.5.2 35kV 及以上电压等级变电站的进线段保护 ········· 216 6.5.3 三绕组变压器的防雷保护 ···· 217 6.6配电系统的防雷保护 ·················· 218 6.7 旋转电机的防雷保护 ·················· 218 6.7.1 概述 ······························ 218 6.7.2 防雷保护措施 ·················· 219 6.8建筑物防雷保护 ························ 220 6.8.1 普通建筑物的防雷保护 ······ 221 6.8.2 特殊建筑物的防雷保护 ······ 222 本章小结 ········································ 223 阅读材料6-2 ··································· 224 习题 ·············································· 228 第7章 电力弱电系统防雷保护 ·········· 230 7.1 低压供电系统的防雷保护 ············ 231 7.1.1 雷电对供电系统的影响 ······ 231 7.1.2 供电系统的雷电保护 ········· 231 7.2 弱电系统防雷保护器件 ··············· 232 7.2.1 气体放电管 ····················· 232 7.2.2 氧化锌压敏电阻器 ············ 234 7.2.3 瞬态电压抑制 ·················· 236 7.2.4 浪涌保护器 ····················· 237 7.3 电子设备的防雷保护 ·················· 238 7.3.1 第一级保护区 ·················· 238 7.3.2 第二级保护区 ·················· 239 7.3.3 第三级保护区 ·················· 239 7.4 计算机保护与综合自动化系统的接地 ······································· 240 本章小结 ········································ 242 阅读材料7-1 ···································· 242 习题 ·············································· 243 第8章 操作过电压及其防护 ·············· 244 8.1 概述 ········································ 245 8.2 空载线路合闸过电压 ··················· 246 8.2.1 正常空载线路合闸过电压 ····· 246 8.2.2 自动重合闸过电压 ············ 247 8.2.3 空载线路合闸过电压的影响因素及限制措施 ········· 248 8.3 切除空载线路过电压 ··················· 248 8.4 切除空载变压器过电压 ················ 249 8.5 操作过电压的限制措施 ················ 251 8.5.1 利用断路器并联电阻限制分合闸过电压 ·················· 251 8.5.2 利用避雷器限制操作过电压 ··························· 252 8.6 中性点接地方式对内部过电压的影响 ······································· 252 8.6.1 中性点接地方式的特点 ······ 253 8.6.2 中性点接地方式对内部过电压的影响 ·················· 253 8.7 绝缘配合的原则及方法 ················ 255 8.7.1 绝缘配合的原则 ··············· 255 8.7.2 绝缘配合的基本方法 ········· 256 8.8 输电线路和变电站的绝缘配合 ······· 257 8.8.1 绝缘子串的选择 ··············· 258 8.8.2 空气间距的选择 ··············· 260 8.8.3 变电站电气设备绝缘水平的确定 ······························ 262 8.9 中性点接地方式对绝缘水平的影响 ······································· 264 8.9.1 中性点有效接地的优点 ······ 265 8.9.2 中性点有效接地的缺点 ······ 265 本章小结 ········································ 266 阅读材料8-1 ···································· 266 习题 ·············································· 271 第9章 电力设备的在线监测与故障诊断 ······································ 274 9.1 概述 ······································· 275 9.1.1 离线试验的不足及在线监测的必要性 ·················· 275 9.1.2 在线监测系统的组成及基本技术要求 ·················· 276 9.2 GIS和高压断路器的在线监测与故障诊断 ································· 280 9.2.1 高压断路器的监测内容 ······ 281 9.2.2 GIS绝缘故障的监测与诊断 ······························ 282 9.2.3 SF6气体泄漏的检测 ·········· 283 9.3 油中溶解气体的在线监测与故障诊断 ································· 283 9.3.1 油中气体的产生 ··············· 283 9.3.2 油中溶解气体的在线监测 ···· 284 9.3.3 油中气体分析与故障诊断 ···· 285 9.4 局部放电的在线监测 ·················· 285 9.4.1 局部放电的产生及危害 ······ 285 9.4.2 变压器局部放电在线监测 ···· 286 9.4.3 电力电缆局部放电在线监测 ······························ 287 本章小结 ········································ 290 阅读材料9-1 ··································· 290 习题 ·············································· 291 附录 ···················································· 293 附表A 球隙放电标准1(IEC 1960年公布) ················· 293 附表B 球隙放电标准2(IEC 1960年公布) ················· 295 附表C 国外一些高电压实验机构的主要特性参数 ······················ 297 附表D 国内一些高电压实验机构的主要特性参数 ······················ 298 参考文献 ············································· 299